From 6bf4b90c90f15f4ab60833bddf5b5756d1a6b1f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Elizabeth Alexander Hunt Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 11:55:17 -0700 Subject: Init --- .../cs3460/rands/build/_deps/fmt-src/README.rst | 531 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 531 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Homework/cs3460/rands/build/_deps/fmt-src/README.rst (limited to 'Homework/cs3460/rands/build/_deps/fmt-src/README.rst') diff --git a/Homework/cs3460/rands/build/_deps/fmt-src/README.rst b/Homework/cs3460/rands/build/_deps/fmt-src/README.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc6d7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/cs3460/rands/build/_deps/fmt-src/README.rst @@ -0,0 +1,531 @@ +.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/ + 576385/156254208-f5b743a9-88cf-439d-b0c0-923d53e8d551.png + :width: 25% + :alt: {fmt} + +.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg + :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux + +.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg + :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos + +.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg + :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows + +.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg + :alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz + :target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\ + colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\ + Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1 + +.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg + :alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt + :target: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt + +**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe +alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams. + +If you like this project, please consider donating to one of the funds that +help victims of the war in Ukraine: https://www.stopputin.net/. + +`Documentation `__ + +`Cheat Sheets `__ + +Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt +`_. + +Try {fmt} in `Compiler Explorer `_. + +Features +-------- + +* Simple `format API `_ with positional arguments + for localization +* Implementation of `C++20 std::format + `__ +* `Format string syntax `_ similar to Python's + `format `_ +* Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding, shortness and + round-trip guarantees +* Safe `printf implementation + `_ including the POSIX + extension for positional arguments +* Extensibility: `support for user-defined types + `_ +* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of + ``(s)printf``, iostreams, ``to_string`` and ``to_chars``, see `Speed tests`_ + and `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second + `_ +* Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum configuration + consisting of just three files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and ``format-inl.h``, + and compiled code; see `Compile time and code bloat`_ +* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `tests + `_ and is `continuously fuzzed + `_ +* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be + reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow + errors +* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies, + permissive MIT `license + `_ +* `Portability `_ with + consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers +* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as + ``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic`` +* Locale-independence by default +* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro + +See the `documentation `_ for more details. + +Examples +-------- + +**Print to stdout** (`run `_) + +.. code:: c++ + + #include + + int main() { + fmt::print("Hello, world!\n"); + } + +**Format a string** (`run `_) + +.. code:: c++ + + std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42); + // s == "The answer is 42." + +**Format a string using positional arguments** (`run `_) + +.. code:: c++ + + std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy"); + // s == "I'd rather be happy than right." + +**Print chrono durations** (`run `_) + +.. code:: c++ + + #include + + int main() { + using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals; + fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms); + fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s); + } + +Output:: + + Default format: 42s 100ms + strftime-like format: 03:15:30 + +**Print a container** (`run `_) + +.. code:: c++ + + #include + #include + + int main() { + std::vector v = {1, 2, 3}; + fmt::print("{}\n", v); + } + +Output:: + + [1, 2, 3] + +**Check a format string at compile time** + +.. code:: c++ + + std::string s = fmt::format("{:d}", "I am not a number"); + +This gives a compile-time error in C++20 because ``d`` is an invalid format +specifier for a string. + +**Write a file from a single thread** + +.. code:: c++ + + #include + + int main() { + auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt"); + out.print("Don't {}", "Panic"); + } + +This can be `5 to 9 times faster than fprintf +`_. + +**Print with colors and text styles** + +.. code:: c++ + + #include + + int main() { + fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold, + "Hello, {}!\n", "world"); + fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) | + fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир"); + fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic, + "Hello, {}!\n", "世界"); + } + +Output on a modern terminal: + +.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/ + 576385/88485597-d312f600-cf2b-11ea-9cbe-61f535a86e28.png + +Benchmarks +---------- + +Speed tests +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +================= ============= =========== +Library Method Run Time, s +================= ============= =========== +libc printf 1.04 +libc++ std::ostream 3.05 +{fmt} 6.1.1 fmt::print 0.75 +Boost Format 1.67 boost::format 7.24 +Folly Format folly::format 2.23 +================= ============= =========== + +{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~35% faster than ``printf``. + +The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS +10.14.6 with ``clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the +best of three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"`` +or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for +further details refer to the `source +`_. + +{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on +floating-point formatting (`dtoa-benchmark `_) +and faster than `double-conversion `_ and +`ryu `_: + +.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/ + 95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png + :target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html + +Compile time and code bloat +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The script `bloat-test.py +`_ +from `format-benchmark `_ +tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects. +It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative +five times in each to simulate a medium sized project. The resulting +executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42), +macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables. + +**Optimized build (-O3)** + +============= =============== ==================== ================== +Method Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB +============= =============== ==================== ================== +printf 2.6 29 26 +printf+string 16.4 29 26 +iostreams 31.1 59 55 +{fmt} 19.0 37 34 +Boost Format 91.9 226 203 +Folly Format 115.7 101 88 +============= =============== ==================== ================== + +As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code +size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format +and Folly Format have the largest overheads. + +``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ```` +include to measure the overhead of the latter. + +**Non-optimized build** + +============= =============== ==================== ================== +Method Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB +============= =============== ==================== ================== +printf 2.2 33 30 +printf+string 16.0 33 30 +iostreams 28.3 56 52 +{fmt} 18.2 59 50 +Boost Format 54.1 365 303 +Folly Format 79.9 445 430 +============= =============== ==================== ================== + +``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared libraries to +compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a +header-only library so it doesn't provide any linkage options. + +Running the tests +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build +the library and run the unit tests. + +__ https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library + +Benchmarks reside in a separate repository, +`format-benchmarks `_, +so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and +generate Makefiles with CMake:: + + $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git + $ cd format-benchmark + $ cmake . + +Then you can run the speed test:: + + $ make speed-test + +or the bloat test:: + + $ make bloat-test + +Migrating code +-------------- + +`clang-tidy-fmt `_ provides clang +tidy checks for converting occurrences of ``printf`` and ``fprintf`` to +``fmt::print``. + +Projects using this library +--------------------------- + +* `0 A.D. `_: a free, open-source, cross-platform + real-time strategy game + +* `2GIS `_: free business listings with a city map + +* `AMPL/MP `_: + an open-source library for mathematical programming + +* `Aseprite `_: + animated sprite editor & pixel art tool + +* `AvioBook `_: a comprehensive aircraft + operations suite + +* `Blizzard Battle.net `_: an online gaming platform + +* `Celestia `_: real-time 3D visualization of space + +* `Ceph `_: a scalable distributed storage system + +* `ccache `_: a compiler cache + +* `ClickHouse `_: analytical database + management system + +* `CUAUV `_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater + vehicle + +* `Drake `_: a planning, control, and analysis toolbox + for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT) + +* `Envoy `_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus + (Lyft) + +* `FiveM `_: a modification framework for GTA V + +* `fmtlog `_: a performant fmtlib-style + logging library with latency in nanoseconds + +* `Folly `_: Facebook open-source library + +* `GemRB `_: a portable open-source implementation of + Bioware’s Infinity Engine + +* `Grand Mountain Adventure + `_: + a beautiful open-world ski & snowboarding game + +* `HarpyWar/pvpgn `_: + Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks + +* `KBEngine `_: an open-source MMOG server + engine + +* `Keypirinha `_: a semantic launcher for Windows + +* `Kodi `_ (formerly xbmc): home theater software + +* `Knuth `_: high-performance Bitcoin full-node + +* `Microsoft Verona `_: + research programming language for concurrent ownership + +* `MongoDB `_: distributed document database + +* `MongoDB Smasher `_: a small tool to + generate randomized datasets + +* `OpenSpace `_: an open-source + astrovisualization framework + +* `PenUltima Online (POL) `_: + an MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients + +* `PyTorch `_: an open-source machine + learning library + +* `quasardb `_: a distributed, high-performance, + associative database + +* `Quill `_: asynchronous low-latency logging library + +* `QKW `_: generalizing aliasing to simplify + navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal command sequences + +* `redis-cerberus `_: a Redis cluster + proxy + +* `redpanda `_: a 10x faster Kafka® replacement + for mission critical systems written in C++ + +* `rpclib `_: a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client + library + +* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud + `_: + business intelligence software + +* `Scylla `_: a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store + that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server + +* `Seastar `_: an advanced, open-source C++ + framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware + +* `spdlog `_: super fast C++ logging library + +* `Stellar `_: financial platform + +* `Touch Surgery `_: surgery simulator + +* `TrinityCore `_: open-source + MMORPG framework + +* `Windows Terminal `_: the new Windows + terminal + +`More... `_ + +If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know +by `email `_ or by submitting an +`issue `_. + +Motivation +---------- + +So why yet another formatting library? + +There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like +the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and FastFormat +libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing +solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide +all the features I needed. + +printf +~~~~~~ + +The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available +being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it +doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although +they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...)) +`_ in GCC. +There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for +`i18n `_ +to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some +platforms. + +iostreams +~~~~~~~~~ + +The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example: + +.. code:: c++ + + std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n"; + +which is a lot of typing compared to printf: + +.. code:: c++ + + printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456); + +Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this "chevron hell". iostreams +don't support positional arguments by design. + +The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe although +error handling is awkward. + +Boost Format +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is a very powerful library which supports both ``printf``-like format +strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to +various benchmarks, it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost +Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see +`Benchmarks`_). + +FastFormat +~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional arguments. +However, it has significant limitations, citing its author: + + Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the + current design are: + + * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding) + * Octal/hexadecimal encoding + * Runtime width/alignment specification + +It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be too +restrictive for using it in some projects. + +Boost Spirit.Karma +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here for +completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text +with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting +than ``fmt::format_to`` with format string compilation on Karma's own benchmark, +see `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second +`_. + +License +------- + +{fmt} is distributed under the MIT `license +`_. + +Documentation License +--------------------- + +The `Format String Syntax `_ +section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module +documentation `_. +For this reason the documentation is distributed under the Python Software +Foundation license available in `doc/python-license.txt +`_. +It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}. + +Maintainers +----------- + +The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut +`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan +`_) with contributions from many other people. +See `Contributors `_ and +`Releases `_ for some of the names. +Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and +we'll make it right. -- cgit v1.3