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authorElizabeth Alexander Hunt <me@liz.coffee>2026-07-02 11:55:17 -0700
committerElizabeth Alexander Hunt <me@liz.coffee>2026-07-02 11:55:17 -0700
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-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org7
-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org48
-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org10
-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org18
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-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org38
-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org51
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-rw-r--r--Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org32
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diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org
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+* Animal Development
+* 5 Major States
+1. Gametogensesis (meiosis): gamete production
+2. Fertilization: gamete -> zygote
+3. Cleavage: zygote -> blastula
+4. Gastrulation: Blastula -> Gastrula
+5. Organogenesis: Organ Formation
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org
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+* Nucleic Acids
+Elements C, H, O, N, P
+
+Store genetic information
+
+Examples: DNA, RNA
+
+
+* Cells
+All have the following features: cell membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes
+
+| comparison | prokaryotic | eukaryotic |
+| nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles present | no | yes |
+| size | smaller | larger |
+| cell structure | unicellular | multi/uni-cellular |
+| examples | bacteria | plants,animals,etc. |
+
+** Endomembrane System (Organelles with membranes)
+nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, cell membrane
+
+** Phospholipid molecule
+hydrophilic head, two hydrophobic tails
+
+** Cell membrane
+Components: phospolipid bilayer, proteins
+
+Feature: semipermeable
+
+** Cell transport processes can be passive or active
+Passive processes:
+
++ Do not require the cell to expend energy
++ Net movement from high to low concentration; "with" or "down" the gradient ("difference in concentation")
+
+| Passive Transport Process | Description | Net Direction of Molecule Movement | Molecules transported? |
+| Diffusion | molecules spread evenly into space | High -> low [H] -> [L] | O_2, CO_2 |
+| Facilitated Diffusion | molecule movemement is assisted by proteins | "" | |
+| Osmosis | movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | | |
+| | from high concenctration of water to low concentration | | H_2O |
+
+** Solute
+concentration in solution:
+
+| hypertonic | greater solute concreation |
+| isotonic | equal [solute] |
+| hypotonic | lower [solute] |
+
+
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org
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+* Metabolism
+The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
+
+Food intake => [Proteins, Carbs, Fat]
+
+* ATP
++ an excellent energy storage molecule to use as "currency"
++ Adenosine triphosphate
++ Nucleotide
+
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org
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+* Genomics
++ allele - variation of gene
++ heterozygous - two different allelese
++ phenotype - physical expression of gene
+
++ autosomal recessive inheritance - two copies of the recessive allele required
++ carrier = heterozygous
+
+** Example:
+Albinisim is recessive
+
+Given two heterozygotes' offspring, predict ratio of normal-pigmented to albino
+
+| | A | a |
+| A | AA | Aa |
+| a | Aa | aa |
+
+
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/19-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/19-Oct.org
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+* Incomplete Dominance
+characterized by an intermediate phenotype in heterozygote
+
++ multiple alleles - multiple versions of a gene
+
++ codominance - both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals
+
++ in blood types; a & b are codominant; o is recessive
+
+** ABO Blood Type
+Blood type alleles: I^A I^B, i
+
+Possible Genotypes:
+
+| Type A | I^A I^A | I^A i |
+| Type B | I^B I^B | I^B i |
+| Type AB | I^A I^B | - |
+| Type O | ii | - |
+
+**
+ii
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org
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+* Cellular Respiration
+respiration (system) \neq cellular respiration
+
+circulatory system delivers glucose and O_2 picks up CO_2
+
+C_6 H_{12} O_6 + 6O_2 \Rightarrow_{\text{cellular respiration}} 6CO_2 + 6H_2 O + \text{ATP}
+
+** Steps:
+1. Glycolysis
+2. Kreb's cycle (TCA crycle, citric acid cycle)
+3. electron transport chain (coupled with oxidative phosphorylation)
+
+** Aerobic Cell Respiration
+*** Glycolysis:
+Conversion of glucose \rightarrow 2 (3C) molecurles (pyruvate)
+2 net ATP produced
+Occurs in cytoplasm
+Occurs without O_2
+NADH (caches 2 electrons) loaded with high energy electrons
+
+*** Kreb's Cycle
+Occurs in mitochondrion
+O_2 required
+2 ATP are produced
+Carbon completely oxidized to CO_2
+NADH and FADH_2 are loaded with high energy electrons
+
+*** Electron transport chain:
+Occurs in mitochondria
+O_2 is required
+NADH and FADH_2 unload high energy electron cargo
+Big ATP payoff (around 25 ATP produced)
+
+** Anaerobic Fermentation
+Both aerobic and anaerobic do glycoloysis
+
+** Creatine Phosphate
+Another source of ATP production
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org
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+* Photosynthesis
+6CO_2 + 6H_2 O \rightarrow 6O_2 + C_6 H_{12} O_6
+
+** Key Players
+vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
+
+stomata
+
+pigment
+
+thylakoid - disc-shaped structures (in chloroplasts) that contain chlorophyll
+
+photosystem - group of pigments and other proteins embedded in thylakoids;
+absorbs on photon
+
+** Two Processes
+Electron shuttling molecule: NADPH
+
+*** Light-dependent reactions
+Directly uses light
+
+Chlorophyll absorbs light
+
+Converts light \rightarrow chemical energy
+
+Makes ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle
+
+Light and H_2 O used
+
+O_2 produced
+
+*** Calvin Cycle
+Produces sugar = "synthesis"
+
+Carbon fixation
+
+Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions
+
+CO_2 used
+
+Glucose produced
+
+** TTQ
+uses water from roots \rightarrow light-dependent reactions
+makes sugar \rightarrow calvin cycle
+uses light directly \rightarrow light-dependent reactions
+occurs in the chloroplast \rightarrow both
+requires chlorophyll \rightarrow both
+uses the products of the light reactions \rightarrow calvin cycle
+uses cardbon dioxide \rightarrow calvin cycle
+produces oxygen \rightarrow light dependent reactions
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/24-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/24-Oct.org
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+* DNA Transcription
++ Occurs in the nucleus
++ RNA polymerase is the main enzyme
++ A single strand of DNA is used as a template
++ A single strand of mRNA, complementary to the DNA, is the product
++ mRNA = messenger RNA
+
+Decoding the Genetic Code:
++ DNA >> RNA >> Protein
++ DNA & RNA both have 4 different types of nucleotides
++ Proteins are mode of amino acides. There are 20 different kinds of amino acides.
++ mRNA (the product of transcription) must be read 3 letters at a time in order to account for all
+ the amino acid possibilities
+
++ codon: sequence of three mRNA bases
++ start codon: AUG
++ stop codon:
+
++ ribosome - site of protein synthesis
++ tRNA - RNA that brings an amino acid to a ribosome (t = transfer)
++ anticodon - sequence of three tRNA bases that is complementary to a mRNA codon
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org
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+* Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis Cycle
+All living organisms do some form cell respiration.
+
+Only producers do photosynthesis.
+
+* Cell Division and Cancer
+Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA
+
+Four DNA nitrogenous bases:
+Adenine -> Thymine
+Cytosine -> Guanine
+
+** Cell Division & Cell Cycle
+stem cell - cells form which specialized cells are generated
+
+apoptosis - programmed cell death
+
+balance between generation and death
+
+Interphase
+G1 -> S -> G2
+
+** DNA Replication during S of interphase
+DNA is "unzipped"; hydrogen bonds between base pairs break
+Single-stranded DNA used as a template
+Base pairing rules followed
+DNA Polymerase is the main enzyme of DNA replication
+Semi-conservative replication
+
+** Anatomy of a Chromosome
+chromoseome: double-stranded DNA wound around proteins
+sister chromatids: identical double-stranded dna molecules that result from DNA replication
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/28-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/28-Sep.org
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+* Mitosis
+prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and cytokinesis.
+
+prophase: chromosomes condense
+metaphase: chromosomes line up at the middle
+
+* Cancer Cells
++ Lost control over growth and division
++ Don't self-destruct when worn out or damaged
++ Pile up and can break away and form new tumors in other parts of the body (metastasis)
++ Don't do their jobs
++ Crowd out the healthy cells and prevent them from doing their jobs
+
+** Genes that cause cancer
++ Proto-oncogene - promotes cell division (gas pedal)
++ Oncogene (mutated proto-oncogenes) - promotes excessive cell divison (gas pedal stuck)
++ Tumor suppressor gene - normally inhibit cell division (brakes). when mutated, brakes don't work.
++ Usually more than one mutation (likely of each type) required to cause cancer
+
+** P53
+P53 (tumor suppressor gene) mutations identified in >50% of all human tumor cells
+
+** Contributors to cancer risk
+\approx \frac{1}{3} inheritance + environment
+\approx \frac{2}{3} random mutations
+
+** Cancer causing mutations can be inherited
+*** Familial Cancers
++ Very rare, less than 15% of cancers
++ Gene mutations can be inherited from either or both parents
++ All of the cells in the body will have that mutation
++ Familiial cancer genes: APC (colon cancer), CRCA-1 and BRCA-2 (breast cancer + others), p16 (skin cancer)
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/7-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/7-Sep.org
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+* Carbs
+Elements C(1):H(2):O(1)
+Stored in carbs
+
+** Roles of carbs
+*** Monosacharide - glucose
+*** Disacharides - two bonded monosacharide, e.g. sucrose
+
+| starch | found in plants |
+| glycogen | found in animal tissue |
+| cellulose | |
+
+
+* Fats
+Elements C,H,O
+
+** Saturated, unsaturated fatty acids
+| Saturated | saturated w/ H (at every carbon bond) | only single bonds between carbons | solid @ room temp | comes from animals primarly |
+| Unsaturated | not saturated w/ H | one or more double bonds (geometry changes) | liquid @ room temp | comes from plants primarily |
+
+* Proteins (Polypeptides)
+Monomer = Amino Acid
+Elements C,H,O,N
+
+Chains of amino acids
+
+Proteins can lose shape & function (denatured) - shape determines function
+
+** 4 cal / g
+** Elements C,H,O,N
+** Diverse, complex