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| author | Elizabeth Alexander Hunt <me@liz.coffee> | 2026-07-02 11:55:17 -0700 |
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| committer | Elizabeth Alexander Hunt <me@liz.coffee> | 2026-07-02 11:55:17 -0700 |
| commit | 6bf4b90c90f15f4ab60833bddf5b5756d1a6b1f6 (patch) | |
| tree | ed97e39ec77c5231ffd2c394493e68d00ddac5a4 /Homework/biol1010 | |
| download | misc-undergrad-main.tar.gz misc-undergrad-main.zip | |
Diffstat (limited to 'Homework/biol1010')
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org | 48 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org | 18 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/19-Oct.org | 21 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org | 38 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org | 51 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/24-Oct.org | 21 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org | 32 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/28-Sep.org | 32 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Homework/biol1010/7-Sep.org | 31 |
11 files changed, 309 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..527acd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/10-Oct.org @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +* Animal Development +* 5 Major States +1. Gametogensesis (meiosis): gamete production +2. Fertilization: gamete -> zygote +3. Cleavage: zygote -> blastula +4. Gastrulation: Blastula -> Gastrula +5. Organogenesis: Organ Formation diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bfc1e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/12-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +* Nucleic Acids +Elements C, H, O, N, P + +Store genetic information + +Examples: DNA, RNA + + +* Cells +All have the following features: cell membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes + +| comparison | prokaryotic | eukaryotic | +| nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles present | no | yes | +| size | smaller | larger | +| cell structure | unicellular | multi/uni-cellular | +| examples | bacteria | plants,animals,etc. | + +** Endomembrane System (Organelles with membranes) +nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, cell membrane + +** Phospholipid molecule +hydrophilic head, two hydrophobic tails + +** Cell membrane +Components: phospolipid bilayer, proteins + +Feature: semipermeable + +** Cell transport processes can be passive or active +Passive processes: + ++ Do not require the cell to expend energy ++ Net movement from high to low concentration; "with" or "down" the gradient ("difference in concentation") + +| Passive Transport Process | Description | Net Direction of Molecule Movement | Molecules transported? | +| Diffusion | molecules spread evenly into space | High -> low [H] -> [L] | O_2, CO_2 | +| Facilitated Diffusion | molecule movemement is assisted by proteins | "" | | +| Osmosis | movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | | | +| | from high concenctration of water to low concentration | | H_2O | + +** Solute +concentration in solution: + +| hypertonic | greater solute concreation | +| isotonic | equal [solute] | +| hypotonic | lower [solute] | + + diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d35f309 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/14-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +* Metabolism +The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell + +Food intake => [Proteins, Carbs, Fat] + +* ATP ++ an excellent energy storage molecule to use as "currency" ++ Adenosine triphosphate ++ Nucleotide + diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4cdffd --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/17-Oct.org @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +* Genomics ++ allele - variation of gene ++ heterozygous - two different allelese ++ phenotype - physical expression of gene + ++ autosomal recessive inheritance - two copies of the recessive allele required ++ carrier = heterozygous + +** Example: +Albinisim is recessive + +Given two heterozygotes' offspring, predict ratio of normal-pigmented to albino + +| | A | a | +| A | AA | Aa | +| a | Aa | aa | + + diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/19-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/19-Oct.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9dfafd --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/19-Oct.org @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +* Incomplete Dominance +characterized by an intermediate phenotype in heterozygote + ++ multiple alleles - multiple versions of a gene + ++ codominance - both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals + ++ in blood types; a & b are codominant; o is recessive + +** ABO Blood Type +Blood type alleles: I^A I^B, i + +Possible Genotypes: + +| Type A | I^A I^A | I^A i | +| Type B | I^B I^B | I^B i | +| Type AB | I^A I^B | - | +| Type O | ii | - | + +** +ii diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84dae2b --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/19-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +* Cellular Respiration +respiration (system) \neq cellular respiration + +circulatory system delivers glucose and O_2 picks up CO_2 + +C_6 H_{12} O_6 + 6O_2 \Rightarrow_{\text{cellular respiration}} 6CO_2 + 6H_2 O + \text{ATP} + +** Steps: +1. Glycolysis +2. Kreb's cycle (TCA crycle, citric acid cycle) +3. electron transport chain (coupled with oxidative phosphorylation) + +** Aerobic Cell Respiration +*** Glycolysis: +Conversion of glucose \rightarrow 2 (3C) molecurles (pyruvate) +2 net ATP produced +Occurs in cytoplasm +Occurs without O_2 +NADH (caches 2 electrons) loaded with high energy electrons + +*** Kreb's Cycle +Occurs in mitochondrion +O_2 required +2 ATP are produced +Carbon completely oxidized to CO_2 +NADH and FADH_2 are loaded with high energy electrons + +*** Electron transport chain: +Occurs in mitochondria +O_2 is required +NADH and FADH_2 unload high energy electron cargo +Big ATP payoff (around 25 ATP produced) + +** Anaerobic Fermentation +Both aerobic and anaerobic do glycoloysis + +** Creatine Phosphate +Another source of ATP production diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..352baeb --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/21-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +* Photosynthesis +6CO_2 + 6H_2 O \rightarrow 6O_2 + C_6 H_{12} O_6 + +** Key Players +vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) + +stomata + +pigment + +thylakoid - disc-shaped structures (in chloroplasts) that contain chlorophyll + +photosystem - group of pigments and other proteins embedded in thylakoids; +absorbs on photon + +** Two Processes +Electron shuttling molecule: NADPH + +*** Light-dependent reactions +Directly uses light + +Chlorophyll absorbs light + +Converts light \rightarrow chemical energy + +Makes ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle + +Light and H_2 O used + +O_2 produced + +*** Calvin Cycle +Produces sugar = "synthesis" + +Carbon fixation + +Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions + +CO_2 used + +Glucose produced + +** TTQ +uses water from roots \rightarrow light-dependent reactions +makes sugar \rightarrow calvin cycle +uses light directly \rightarrow light-dependent reactions +occurs in the chloroplast \rightarrow both +requires chlorophyll \rightarrow both +uses the products of the light reactions \rightarrow calvin cycle +uses cardbon dioxide \rightarrow calvin cycle +produces oxygen \rightarrow light dependent reactions diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/24-Oct.org b/Homework/biol1010/24-Oct.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c9e213 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/24-Oct.org @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +* DNA Transcription ++ Occurs in the nucleus ++ RNA polymerase is the main enzyme ++ A single strand of DNA is used as a template ++ A single strand of mRNA, complementary to the DNA, is the product ++ mRNA = messenger RNA + +Decoding the Genetic Code: ++ DNA >> RNA >> Protein ++ DNA & RNA both have 4 different types of nucleotides ++ Proteins are mode of amino acides. There are 20 different kinds of amino acides. ++ mRNA (the product of transcription) must be read 3 letters at a time in order to account for all + the amino acid possibilities + ++ codon: sequence of three mRNA bases ++ start codon: AUG ++ stop codon: + ++ ribosome - site of protein synthesis ++ tRNA - RNA that brings an amino acid to a ribosome (t = transfer) ++ anticodon - sequence of three tRNA bases that is complementary to a mRNA codon diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e334d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/26-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +* Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis Cycle +All living organisms do some form cell respiration. + +Only producers do photosynthesis. + +* Cell Division and Cancer +Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA + +Four DNA nitrogenous bases: +Adenine -> Thymine +Cytosine -> Guanine + +** Cell Division & Cell Cycle +stem cell - cells form which specialized cells are generated + +apoptosis - programmed cell death + +balance between generation and death + +Interphase +G1 -> S -> G2 + +** DNA Replication during S of interphase +DNA is "unzipped"; hydrogen bonds between base pairs break +Single-stranded DNA used as a template +Base pairing rules followed +DNA Polymerase is the main enzyme of DNA replication +Semi-conservative replication + +** Anatomy of a Chromosome +chromoseome: double-stranded DNA wound around proteins +sister chromatids: identical double-stranded dna molecules that result from DNA replication diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/28-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/28-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f41fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/28-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +* Mitosis +prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and cytokinesis. + +prophase: chromosomes condense +metaphase: chromosomes line up at the middle + +* Cancer Cells ++ Lost control over growth and division ++ Don't self-destruct when worn out or damaged ++ Pile up and can break away and form new tumors in other parts of the body (metastasis) ++ Don't do their jobs ++ Crowd out the healthy cells and prevent them from doing their jobs + +** Genes that cause cancer ++ Proto-oncogene - promotes cell division (gas pedal) ++ Oncogene (mutated proto-oncogenes) - promotes excessive cell divison (gas pedal stuck) ++ Tumor suppressor gene - normally inhibit cell division (brakes). when mutated, brakes don't work. ++ Usually more than one mutation (likely of each type) required to cause cancer + +** P53 +P53 (tumor suppressor gene) mutations identified in >50% of all human tumor cells + +** Contributors to cancer risk +\approx \frac{1}{3} inheritance + environment +\approx \frac{2}{3} random mutations + +** Cancer causing mutations can be inherited +*** Familial Cancers ++ Very rare, less than 15% of cancers ++ Gene mutations can be inherited from either or both parents ++ All of the cells in the body will have that mutation ++ Familiial cancer genes: APC (colon cancer), CRCA-1 and BRCA-2 (breast cancer + others), p16 (skin cancer) diff --git a/Homework/biol1010/7-Sep.org b/Homework/biol1010/7-Sep.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7715f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/Homework/biol1010/7-Sep.org @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +* Carbs +Elements C(1):H(2):O(1) +Stored in carbs + +** Roles of carbs +*** Monosacharide - glucose +*** Disacharides - two bonded monosacharide, e.g. sucrose + +| starch | found in plants | +| glycogen | found in animal tissue | +| cellulose | | + + +* Fats +Elements C,H,O + +** Saturated, unsaturated fatty acids +| Saturated | saturated w/ H (at every carbon bond) | only single bonds between carbons | solid @ room temp | comes from animals primarly | +| Unsaturated | not saturated w/ H | one or more double bonds (geometry changes) | liquid @ room temp | comes from plants primarily | + +* Proteins (Polypeptides) +Monomer = Amino Acid +Elements C,H,O,N + +Chains of amino acids + +Proteins can lose shape & function (denatured) - shape determines function + +** 4 cal / g +** Elements C,H,O,N +** Diverse, complex |
